kumpulan foto-foto intifada palestina

---

A Palestinian youth throws stones at an Israeli military jeep in the West Bank city of Bethlehem, September 2006. (Magnus Johansson/MaanImages)

The first Palestinian intifada (uprising or shaking off) erupted dramatically on 9 December 1987 after twenty long years of brutal Israeli military occupation. The Palestinians had had enough. Not only had they been dispossessed of their homeland and expelled from their homes in 1948 to make way for the boatloads of European Jewish immigrants flooding into Palestine on a promise of a Jewish state, they had been made to suffer the indignities of a people despised and rejected by the whole world. They were the victims of a colonialist project that denied their existence and their rights to self-determination in the land that they had continuously inhabited for millennia so that a state could be created in all of the land exclusively for Jews from anywhere in the world. To this day, the Zionist project has held powerful countries and august institutions hostage in its service, despite the indisputable rulings of international law and United Nations resolutions supporting the rights of the Palestinians. What Israel had not bargained for, though, was the steadfastness of a wronged people and their indomitable spirit that sent the first stones hurtling towards army tanks and bulldozers in their desperate bid to shake off Israel’s crushing occupation. So began the “War of the Stones.”
The occupation and the intifada
The cause of the first intifada is most often attributed to the killing of four Palestinian civilians by an Israeli jeep at a checkpoint in the Gaza Strip, and then the subsequent killing of seventeen-year-old Hatem Abu Sisi by an Israeli officer who fired into a crowd of aggrieved and protesting Palestinians. However, these violent individual acts — and those preceding them — were merely the last straws in a 20-year saga of military occupation and its debilitating effects on a population denied any control over their economic, social and political development. More than a knee-jerk reaction to that occupation, it was a united demonstration of a continuous political struggle for self-determination that had been playing out long before 1987 at the grassroots level.
A whole generation of Palestinians had never known anything other than occupation. That occupation had made them economically dependent on Israel. Not only did they have to put up with being treated like inferiors and prisoners in their own homeland, but they were also grossly exploited for their labor. They were paid half the wages of Israeli workers, they were taxed higher, they had few benefits and they were without job security because official Israeli policy denied them any rights within Israel. Many Palestinians were employed without the required work permits, which put them in an even more tenuous situation. They — like any other people — wanted to be free from Israel’s tyranny, and like any other people, they wanted to resist the force being used against them, but without an organized resistance movement, they were powerless to challenge the occupation itself. The more dependent they were, the more the occupation became entrenched, and the more Israel profited. Beneath the surface, though, their discontent was seething.
Palestinians were also seeing their confiscated land being illegally settled by Jewish foreigners who were allowed to carry machine guns and were protected by the Israeli army when they used them to terrorize Palestinian families. These families were constantly under threat, not only for continuing to live on their own land and properties, but also for any outward expression of their cultural identity or nationalist feelings. Anything that was deemed pro-Palestinian was forbidden or destroyed. The word “Palestine” was expunged from textbooks and any products marketed as Palestinian were relabeled as Israeli. [1] Literature, art, music, and other activities that encouraged a national consciousness were subject to attack and universities were often closed for long periods because they were seen as fomenting nationalist fervor. This repression of Palestinian national identity led to an underground movement which only deepened their feelings for liberation and over time created a culture of resistance which ultimately found expression in the intifada. [2]
Israel tried numerous times to manipulate events so that a “new leadership” would supplant the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) that was spearheading the national movement. The idea was to limit Palestinian control of their own affairs as much as possible while leaving Israel in complete control of military and security matters. The Palestinians, however, had other ideas and rose up against the “Civil Administration” scheme in 1976, against the Camp David accords in 1979-80, and also against confederation with Jordan. They pursued their rights through political and legal channels, but Israel used deportation as a means of quelling the growing resistance. Thousands of political figures and activists were expelled from their country, their lives often threatened. By 1987, there were still some 4,700 political prisoners in Israeli jails [3] out of the 200,000 Palestinians arrested in that 20 year period. [4] The Palestinians found that they had no impartial avenue available to them to hear their grievances fairly, particularly over Israel’s land confiscations, water use and building constructions. As conditions deteriorated and Palestinians saw their political and cultural identity at risk of being annihilated, it is not at all surprising that they rose up to shake off Israel’s brutal occupation.
Challenging images
The Palestinians realized that their greatest power lay in mass civil disobedience — boycotting Israeli goods, refusing to pay taxes to Israel, establishing their own mobile medical clinics, providing social services, organizing strikes and demonstrations and unarmed confrontations. The tactics they used took Israel unawares and captured the attention of a hitherto unreceptive Western media. Specifically, the images of Palestinian boys throwing stones at advancing armored tanks totally upended the David and Goliath myth that Israel had propagated so effectively — a fledgling Israel struggling to survive against the mighty Arab world. Suddenly, everyone was seeing a different Goliath. Israel — the most powerful military force in the Middle East — was facing down defenseless “David” in a re-enactment of the Old Testament story when David slung his stone and slew the giant, Goliath.
Israel’s carefully constructed image of the defenseless victim had already been crumbling since the 1967 War when it launched preemptive strikes against Egypt and Jordan and won spectacularly and then had no qualms in defying international law and occupying all of Palestinian land. In 1982, the scenes of butchered Palestinian bodies in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in Lebanon horrified the world and there was no mistaking Israel’s involvement. By the time the intifada catapulted the Palestinian struggle into the public spotlight, Israel’s schizophrenic self-image of victim and conqueror was up against the media’s pictures of soldiers’ bullets shooting down Palestinian boys with rocks in their hands. Matters were made worse by Israel’s Defense Minister, Yitzhak Rabin who ordered the soldiers to “break the bones” of Palestinian demonstrators. In just four years, more than a thousand Palestinians had been killed and many more were crippled.
To the outside world, the throwing of stones became a powerful visual image of the first intifada, but it was the use of leaflets that effectively mobilized the Palestinians against the occupation. Writers Shaul Mishal and Reuben Aharoni observe that “In the absence of an official and prominent local leadership, leaflets became a substitute leadership during the intifada.” [5] Their influence was felt everywhere as they informed the people of where to go and what to do and what had been achieved. Messages of upcoming strikes, boycotts and specific campaigns made the rounds and gave the people a sense of unity of purpose. This was also a time when symbolism became very important to the national movement and the Palestinian flag and its colors were incorporated even in clothing and embroidery. When so much else was restricted in their lives, the Palestinians had found novel ways to resist nonviolently, which had Israel searching for ways to respond. Force was still its preferred method of control, but later its manipulation of the peace process so frustrated even the small gains made by the Palestinians, that resistance took on a new and much more dangerous meaning with the second intifada in 2000.
Punishing the Palestinians
Throughout the years of the first intifada, it was not the stone-throwing youths that had Israel worried as much as the civil disobedience that had become rampant amongst the Palestinians. To quell it, Israel resorted to punishing the Palestinian population en masse. Ordinary civilians found themselves without freedom to pursue even the most routine daily activities. Curfews were ordered for weeks on end and thousands of Palestinians were arrested. With the closure of schools and universities, education effectively became illegal and teachers and students had to resort to “underground” classes. Homes were demolished without warning, olive trees and agricultural crops were destroyed, vital water supplies were redirected to Israel and then water usage restricted so severely, people had to queue with containers for hours to buy back their own water. So punishing were Israel’s assaults on the Palestinian population that rumors of transfer began surfacing, especially when Israeli Former Military Intelligence Chief General Shlomo Gazit said that these measures were intended so that Palestinians would “face unemployment and a shortage of land and water and thus we can create the necessary conditions for the departure of the Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza.” [6]
Empowering the people
The idea of population transfer was not something new even then and the Palestinians understood that their survival depended on uniting all levels of society. The intifada drew its support for the first time from the lower social strata — people who had been most burdened by Israel’s occupation, particularly by Israel’s exploitation of their resources and their labor. Under what was called the United National Command, “unified” popular committees took responsibility for everything, from keeping watch over villages and refugee camps at night against army and settler raids to distributing food and clothing to those in need. Emerging from these groups came nonpartisan local leadership and a social revolt against traditional conventions. The masses took part in the demonstrations and confrontations with the Israeli army, urged on by the anonymous printed leaflets that were always careful to avoid calling for armed struggle so as not to alienate the people. In their book, The Intifada, Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari say that “This was a sharp psychological turnabout for a public that had discovered what it could do — and how to exploit the enemy’s weaknesses.” [7]
There was no doubt that this national movement gave every Palestinian a sense of empowerment, even though there were very few gains on the ground. Women especially found themselves free to engage in productive work, much of which was created by women’s committees, and conventional social boundaries soon blurred as women became more politically involved by transforming “their family responsibilities to encompass the entire community.” [8] While the stones were no match for Israel’s impressive arsenal, an Israeli commander observed that “The essence of the intifada is not in the actual level of activity, but in the perception of the population … the sense of identity, direction and organization.” [9] If nothing else, the people’s non-violent mass civil disobedience strategy had attracted media coverage and journalist Thomas Friedman commented that “the presence of the foreign media really forced Israelis to look at the true brutality of their occupation.” [10] That is, until Israel found other more sinister ways to turn around public opinion.
Israel shifts the goal posts
The Oslo “peace process” took the wind out of the intifada. Suddenly, Israel was the peacemaker on the world stage and began talks with the PLO, fully intending to neutralize it. Rather than leading the national movement and resistance to Israel’s oppression, the PLO morphed into an institution — the Palestinian Authority (PA) — charged with policing its own people for a place at the negotiating table. The world breathed a sigh of relief and international efforts were concentrated on the peace process while the sordid realities on the ground were once again ignored. Despite Israel agreeing to withdraw from the occupied territories, it did no such thing. Instead, it confiscated even more Palestinian land and continued to build more illegal Jewish settlements. Jerusalem residency rights were withdrawn and not only was Jerusalem closed to Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza, but freedom of movement within the occupied territories was further curtailed and reduced to the humiliating experience of being told when and where they could go — if at all. What is more, the Palestinians found themselves split into three disconnected enclaves A, B and C — islands in a sea of looming Israeli settlements. Yet, the world dangled the carrot of an independent Palestinian state and Israel allowed the discourse to continue, everyone knowing full well that Israel was doing what it wanted. The brazenness of the charade was breathtaking. Even more breathtaking, is that the charade is being repeated today.
As peace and a two-state solution became the catch-cry for the protagonists and observers alike, the intifada appeared to lose its raison d’etre. It had wrought a huge toll on the disintegrating Palestinian economy. The mass national strikes had invited a devastating military response in the form of curfews where “every Palestinian living in the Occupied Territories had spent an average of approximately 10 weeks under in-house curfew,” [11] creating an incredible worker absenteeism problem. Palestinians not only lost their jobs at home, but Israeli employers began employing imported labor and newly arrived immigrants to replace the Palestinians. Essentially, mass resistance was impossible to sustain indefinitely, if the routine of daily life was to go on with some semblance of normality.
The intifada lives on
The carefully organized resistance network was gradually disbanded as Palestinians prepared for the promise of Oslo. The intifada became much less dramatic, even uninspiring, but nevertheless, it was rooted in the Palestinian that would allow it to endure for years. [12] When the Palestinians came to realize that the Oslo process would never reach a conclusion and that their national struggle had been in fact further eroded by Israel’s unbridled expansionism, the intifada that followed was understandably explosive.
It should not be forgotten that every day, all Palestinians engage in acts of resistance just by simply finding ways of getting around the grid of suffocating checkpoints to pursue normal, ordinary activities like working or going to school. Every week, villages like Bil’in stage nonviolent protests against the apartheid wall that Israel is building throughout the West Bank. Thousands of such protests go unnoticed by the Western media which mindlessly repeat Israel’s mantra that the Palestinians must stop their violence. For Israel, every act of resistance against its colonialist and illegitimate policies is anathema and must be put down, punished and demonized. For the Palestinians — with the experience of two intifadas behind them — they know that their resistance will continue as long as Israel denies them their universal human rights to freedom and self-determination. The question that should weigh heavily on our consciences is — how many intifadas must be fought before justice for the Palestinians finally prevails?
Sonja Karkar is the founder and president of Women for Palestine in Melbourne, Australia.
Endnotes
[1] R Jamal Nassar and Roger Heacock, Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads, New York: Praeger, 1990, p.27.
[2] Samira Meghdessian, “The discourse of oppression as expressed in writings of the intifada,” World Literature Today, 72.1 (1998), p.43.
[3] Toby Shelley, and Ben Cashdan, Palestine: Profile of an Occupation, London: Zed Books Ltd, 1989, p.21.
[4] Ruth Margolies Beitler, “The Intifada: Palestinian Adaptation to Israeli Counterinsurgency Tactics,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 7.2 (1995), p.68.
[5] Shaul Mishal, Reuben Aharoni, Speaking Stones: Communiques from the Intifada Underground, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1994, p.25.
[6] The Jerusalem Post International Edition, 5 March 1988, p.7.
[7] Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari, The Intifada, Jerusalem: Schocken 1990, p.102.
[8] Kanako Mabuchi, “The Meaning of Motherhood during the First Intifada: 1987-1993,” M.Phil Thesis in Modern Middle Eastern Studies, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Trinity Term 2003, p84.
[9] D. Reische, Arafat and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, New York: Franklin Watts, 1991, p.135.
[10] Thomas Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem, New York: Anchor Books, 1995, p.447.
[11] “No Exit: Israel’s Curfew Policy in the Occupied Palestinian Territories,” Jerusalem Media and Communications Centre, 1991.
[12] Norman G. Finkelstein, The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996 p21-22.
Source: Sonja Karkar |The Electronic Intifada |10 December 2007

18 Mar 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — Intifada Riot — Image by David Rubinger/CORBIS

18 Mar 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — Intifada Riot — Image by David Rubinger/CORBIS

1993, Gaza, Gaza Strip — An Israeli soldier aims his assault rifle during a 1993 Palestinian uprising in Gaza. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1993, Gaza, Gaza Strip — An Israeli soldier aims his assault rifle during a 1993 Palestinian uprising in Gaza. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1993, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Israeli soldiers respond to Palestinian protesters during a 1993 uprising in Gaza. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

December 1993, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A Palestinian man stands in his doorway watching the Israeli soldiers patrol the area. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

December 1993, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Three armed Israeli soldiers patrol an urban street in Gaza. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Israeli Soldier — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

ca. March 1988, West Bank — Two Israeli soldiers force a bleeding Palestinian man to walk with them down an unpaved road. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — A Palestinian recovers in a West Bank hospital room after an Israeli beating. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

ca. February 1988, West Bank — A man uncovers the face of a dead Israeli beating victim. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

09 Feb 1988, East Jerusalem, West Bank — Two young Palestinians look out over East Jerusalem, wearing kaffiyehs to mask their faces, like many stone throwers during the Intifada. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Masked Palestinians stand by a fire blocking a street on the West Bank during the Intifada. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

25 Mar 1988, Hebron, West Bank — Palestinian Stone Thrower — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

March 18-19, 1988, West Bank — A group of young Palestinians block a road into a town on the West Bank. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

ca. March 1988, West Bank — Palestinian Stone Thrower — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

08 Apr 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinians gather to protest the killing of three Palestinian boys in clashes with Israeli soldiers. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Israeli soldiers lead an arrested Palestinian man down a street during the Intifada. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, Nablus, West Bank — Masked Palestinians hold a flag and throw rocks at Israeli soldiers. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, Nablus, West Bank — Masked Palestinian Guerrillas Giving Hand Signs — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — A young Palestinian boy makes a hand signal symbolizing the Palestinian fight against Israeli occupation. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Masked guerrillas fight in the Intifada, the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

15 Mar 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — A Palestinian boy gives the symbol for liberation as he climbs a pole. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

March 18-19, 1988, West Bank — Masked Palestinians fight against the occupying Israeli forces in the West Bank. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Young Palestinian freedom fighters give the sign for liberation and wave a flag during a riot against the occupying Israeli soldiers. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Conflicts between Palestinians and the occupying Israeli military forces are a part of everyday life in the West Bank. Palestinian guerillas throw rocks and bottles at the Israelis. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Masked Palestinian Guerrillas — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Israeli soldiers escort an arrested man down a street littered with rocks thrown by Palestinian guerillas. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

16 Mar 1988, West Bank — Palestinian boys walk down a street littered with rocks, which they throw at the Israeli forces occupying the West Bank. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Palestinian boys throw rocks at Israeli soldiers in the West Bank. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

16 Mar 1988, West Bank — Palestinians throw rocks at a helicopter of the occupying Israeli military forces. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

16 Mar 1988, West Bank — Israeli Soldier Arresting Palestinian Boy — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

1988, West Bank — Palestinian guerrillas throw rocks and make defiant gestures at a helicopter of the the occupying Isreali military forces. — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

ca. 1988, Nablus, West Bank — Palestinian Slinging a Rock — Image by Peter Turnley/CORBIS

ca. April 1988, West Bank — A Palestinian shabiba (youth) takes aim with a slingshot during the Intifada. — Image by Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS

ca. 1991, Jerusalem, Israel — Israeli soldiers tussle with a young Palestinian suspected of throwing stones on the Via Dolorosa. — Image by David H. Wells/CORBIS

ca. 1988 – 1992, Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip — A group of young Palestinian men hurl stones at Israeli soldiers in the town of Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip. — Image by David H. Wells/CORBIS

ca.1988 — A woman marches in front of the outlawed Palestinian flag, holding a rock aloft, during the Intifada, in the West Bank town of Bet Sachour. | Location: Bet Sachour, Israeli Occupied Territories. — Image by David H. Wells/CORBIS

ca.1988 — One of the many rocks hurled in the Intifada, by young masked Palestinians, in the West Bank town of Bet Sachour. | Location: Bet Sachour, Israeli Occupied Territories. — Image by David H. Wells/CORBIS

09 Dec 1989, Jerusalem, Israel — A masked Palestinian demonstrates in the Jewish settlement of Jebel Mukaber on the second anniversary of the Intifada, a violent Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation. | Location: Jebel Mukaber, Jerusalem, Israel. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

06 Jun 1989, East Jerusalem, West Bank — Omar Kassem was the leader of the DFLP, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

11 Apr 1989, Jerusalem, Israel — Masked Palestinians wave flags at a funeral for a slain Palestinian who was killed during the unrest. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

25 Dec 1988, Jerusalem, Israel — A Palestinian family visits the grave of 15-year-old Nidel, who was killed in the Intifada, a violent uprising by Palestinians against the Israeli occupation. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

25 Dec 1988, Jerusalem, Israel — A Palestinian man visits the grave of 15-year-old Nidel, who was killed in the Intifada, a violent uprising by Palestinians against the Israeli occupation. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

06 Jun 1989, Israel — Omar Kassem was the leader of the DFLP, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

06 Jun 1989, Jerusalem, Israel — Funeral at the Dome of the Rock Mosque — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

March 1991, Jerusalem, Israel — Jerusalem police arrest Palestinians Intifada. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

20 Jan 1988, West Bank — Burning trash cans litter a village street in West Bank as Army soldiers run for cover during a riot in the Intifada. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

January 1988, West Bank — Government soldiers patrol a road on the West Bank during the Intifada. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

12 Jan 1989, West Bank — Israeli settlers clash with the army in the West Bank during the Intifada. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

ca. 1989, Jerusalem, Israel — Sabrina, a 12-year-old amputee wounded by a bullet during the Intifada, waits for her physical therapist in Mokassed Hospital in Jerusalem. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

ca. 1989, Israel — Masked children of the Intifada cradle rocks on a Palestine flag in preparation for a demonstration in the Kalandia Refugee Camp in the West Bank. | Location: Near Jerusalem, Israel. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

April 1989, Bethlehem, West Bank — Masked young men of the Intifada carry stones with them in preparation for a riot in Bethlehem. — Image by Ricki Rosen/CORBIS SABA

26 Feb 1994 — CONSEQUENCES OF THE MASSACRE OF 52 PALESTINIANS IN HEBRON — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

06 Sep 1990, Jerusalem, Israel — Woman sleeping by young wounded Palestinian at Makassed hospital in Jerusalem. The “Intifada hospital” depends on financing from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. — Image by Antoine Gyori/Sygma/Corbis

06 Sep 1990, Jerusalem, Israel — Nurses caring for young wounded Palestinians at Makassed hospital in Jerusalem. The “Intifada hospital” depends on financing from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. — Image by Antoine Gyori/Sygma/Corbis

22 May 1990, Shu’fat, East Jerusalem, West Bank — A masked Palestinian man carries a sling used to fling rocks during a riot in Shufat, Jerusalem. The riot is in response to a shooting by a discharged Israeli soldier that occurred two days before in Rishon le-Ziyyon, which killed eight Palestinian laborers and wounded nine others. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

22 May 1990, Shu’fat, East Jerusalem, West Bank — Israeli soldiers respond to rioting Palestinians in Shufat, Jerusalem. The riot is in response to a shooting by a discharged Israeli soldier that occurred two days before in Rishon le-Ziyyon, which killed eight Palestinian laborers and wounded nine others. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

22 May 1990, Shu’fat, East Jerusalem, West Bank — Israeli soldiers approach a group of rioting Palestinians in Shufat, Jerusalem. The riot is in response to a shooting by a discharged Israeli soldier that occurred two days before in Rishon le-Ziyyon, which killed eight Palestinian laborers and wounded nine others. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

22 May 1990, Shu’fat, East Jerusalem, West Bank — An Israeli soldier stands on a hillside and watches a rioting Palestinian in Shufat, Jerusalem. The riot is in response to a shooting by a discharged Israeli soldier that occurred two days before in Rishon le-Ziyyon, which killed eight Palestinian laborers and wounded nine others. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

22 May 1990, Shu’fat, East Jerusalem, West Bank — A masked Palestinian man holds up a Palestinian flag during a riot in Shufat, Jerusalem. The riot is in response to a shooting by a discharged Israeli soldier that occurred two days before in Rishon le-Ziyyon, which killed eight Palestinian laborers and wounded nine others. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

April 1988, Israel — 6 months of disturbances in the occupied territories. Gaza: the Great Beach. Palestinian camp with the Israeli army. — Image by Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis

April 1988, Israel — 6 months of disturbances in the occupied territories. Gaza: the Great Beach. Palestinian camp with the Israeli army. — Image by Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis

April 1988, Jenin, West Bank — 6 months of disturbances in the occupied territories. — Image by Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis

06 Apr 1988, West Bank — Fighting between Jewish Settlers and Palestinians. Soldiers at the village’s entrance. | Location: Beta, West Bank. — Image by Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis

03 Apr 1988, Al-Bireh, West Bank — Israeli soldiers confront a smoldering barricade while on patrol in the town of Al Birah during the Intifada. | Location: Al Birah, West Bank. — Image by Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis

February 1988, West Bank — Soldiers arrest a Palestinian demonstrator during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

February 1988, West Bank — Young Palestinian demonstrators wave Palestinian Liberation Organization flags, outlawed by Israel, during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

February 1988, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators burn the Israeli flag and wave the Palestinian Liberation Organization flag, outlawed by Israel, during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

February 1988, West Bank — A Palestinian demonstrator, wearing a poster of Palestinian Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, gives the peace sign during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

29 Feb 1988, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators wave Palestinian Liberation Organization flags, outlawed by Israel, during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian rebels carry a wounded photographer away from danger during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators throw stones at Israeli soldiers during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators throw stones at Israeli soldiers during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators throw stones at Israeli soldiers during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — While fires burn in the streets of Beit Omar, Palestinian demonstrators give peace signs during an uprising. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators throw stones at Israeli soldiers during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

24 Feb 1988, Beit Ummar, West Bank — Palestinian demonstrators throw stones at Israeli soldiers during a protest in the streets of Beit Omar. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. | Location: Beit Omar, West Bank. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

27 Feb 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — A Palestinian demonstrator, holding a poster of Palestinian Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, throws stones at Israeli soldiers during an uprising in Ramallah. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

27 Feb 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — A protester holds a Palestinian flag as he ducks down near an Israeli building in Ramallah during the First Intifada. During the conflict, Palestinian demonstrators threw rocks at Israeli soldiers in protest. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

19 Feb 1988, Nablus, West Bank — Demonstrators waving Palestinian Liberation Organization flags protest in the streets of Nablus after the Friday Prayer. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/Corbis

19 Feb 1988, Nablus, West Bank — A soldier aims his assault rifle at Palestinian demonstrators during a protest in the streets of Nablus after the Friday Prayer. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

19 Feb 1988, Nablus, West Bank — Soldiers face off against Palestinian demonstrators during a protest in the streets of Nablus after the Friday Prayer. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

20 Feb 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — During a funeral, mourners carrying Palestinian Liberation Organization flags protest the death of a Palestinian killed during the uprising in Ramallah. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

20 Feb 1988, Ramallah, West Bank — Young mourners gather for a funeral near the bloody ground where a Palestinian civilian died during the uprising in Ramallah. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the disputed territory of West Bank during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

13 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A civilian Palestinian woman flees from armed soldiers in the streets of Gaza. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

13 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Three armed soldiers patrol the streets of Gaza to impose a curfew. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

13 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Armed soldiers patrol the deserted streets of Gaza in military vehicles to impose a curfew. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

12 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Two armed soldiers on patrol arrest a Palestinian man in the streets. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

12 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Armed soldiers patrol the streets of Gaza in military vehicles to impose a curfew. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

10 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A civilian woman lies wounded on the ground, surrounded by relatives. She was one of the victims of violence after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

10 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Civilians flee gunfire from armed soldiers in the streets of Gaza. Violence broke out after rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protested in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

10 Feb 1988, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Rebel Israeli and Palestinian fighters protest in the occupied territory of Gaza during the first Intifada. The Israeli administrative custody camp was closed and declared a military zone after violence broke out. — Image by Patrick Robert/Sygma/CORBIS

Gaza Strip — A group of young Palestinian boys throwing stones at Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip. — Image by Rula Halawani/Sygma/Corbis

1988-1989, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A Palestinian woman is forced to get up and move by Israeli soldiers while she waits to enter Ansar II Prison in the Gaza Strip to visit a jailed relative. — Image by © Keith Dannemiller/Corbis

1988-1989, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A Palestinian woman yells at Israeli soldiers who have just arrested one of her sons after a street confrontation in Beach Camp for refugees in the Gaza Strip. — Image by © Keith Dannemiller/Corbis

1988-1989, Gaza, Gaza Strip — Two women watch over a young boy in a coma at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City. He was admitted to the hospital after suffering wounds in a street confrontation with Israeli soldiers. The boy’s mother is on the right. — Image by © Keith Dannemiller/Corbis

1988-1989, Gaza, Gaza Strip — A Palestinian boy, wounded in a street clash with Israeli soldiers, is carried on a stretcher into the emergency room of Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City. — Image by © Keith Dannemiller/Corbis

1988-1989, Nazareth, Israel — Palestinian protest march in the town of Nazareth. — Image by © Keith Dannemiller/Corbis